Immune persistence after different polio sequential immunization schedules in Chinese infants.

Trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) has been withdrawn and instead an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) and bivalent type 1 and type 3 OPV (bOPV) sequential immunization schedule has been implemented since 2016, but no immune persistence data are available for this polio vaccination strategy. This study aimed to assess immune persistence following different polio sequential immunization schedules. Venous blood was collected at 24, 36, and 48 months of age from participants who had completed sequential schedules of combined IPV and OPV in phase III clinical trials. The serum neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus were determined, and the poliovirus-specific antibody-positive rates were evaluated. A total of 1104 participants were enrolled in this study. The positive rates of poliovirus type 1- and type 3-specific antibodies among the sequential immunization groups showed no significant difference at 24, 36, or 48 months of age. The positive rates of poliovirus type 2-specific antibody in the IPV-IPV-tOPV group at all time points were nearly 100%, which was significantly higher than the corresponding rates in other immunization groups (IPV-bOPV-bOPV and IPV-IPV-bOPV). Immunization schedules involving one or two doses of IPV followed by bOPV failed to maintain a high positive rate for poliovirus type 2-specific antibody.

[Epidemiological characteristics of mumps in mainland China from 2004 to 2018 and key population for prevention and control].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in mainland China from 2004 to 2018, and to provide data for the key population for prevention and control of mumps. METHODS: The epidemiological characteristics of mumps were analyzed with reference to the data of the cases of mumps reported in the National Scientific Data Sharing Platform for Population and Health and Disease Prevention and Control Bureau of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps. RESULTS: A total of 4 272 368 cases of mumps were reported in China during 2004-2018, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 21.44/100 000. A single dose of mumps-containing vaccine was added to the national Expanded Program of Immunization in 2008, but the annual incidence rate ranged from 12.84/100 000 to 35.59/100 000. The second dose of measles, mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine was included in the routine immunization in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, and then the average incidence rate of mumps reported in these three regions dropped to about 10/100 000. From 2004 to 2016, the population aged 3-14 years accounted for 81.16% of all patients with mumps. The children aged 6 years had the highest incidence rate of mumps during 2004-2013. CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of mumps-containing vaccine has no obvious effect on the incidence rate of mumps. Children aged 6 years have the highest incidence rate of mumps. A booster dose of mumps-containing vaccine should be given to preschool children.

[Feasibility study of using Sabin-IPV immunization in post-eradication era in China].

Based upon the World Health Organization (WHO)'s perspective, the post-eradication era is coming with a priority of global certifying the wild poliovirus eradication, by which then the Oral Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine (OPV) will be ceased and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV) will be synchronized used, in particular the affordable Sabin-IPV (sIPV) is recommended to be used continuously in developing countries till the final eradication of poliomyelitis. However, no any sIPV has successfully been developed in the world. In this paper, the sIPV immunization strategy, current development status and its usage in industrialized countries are preliminarily analyzed. Feasibility analysis of potential sIPV usage in China, including immunization strategy, schedule, production technology and supply capacity is analysed as well. sIPV development in China should be accelerated in order to prepare production technology to the post-eradication era.

Regulation of alternative splicing of Bcl-x by IL-6, GM-CSF and TPA.

The splicing of many alternative exons in the precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) is regulated by extracellular factors but the underlying molecular bases remain unclear. Here we report the differential regulation of Bcl-x pre-mRNA splicing by extracellular factors and their distinct requirements for pre-mRNA elements. In K562 leukemia cells, treatment with interleukin-6 (IL-6) or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) reduced the proportion of the Bcl-xL variant mRNA while treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) had no effect. In U251 glioma cells, however, TPA efficiently increased the Bcl-xL level. These regulations were also seen for a transfected splicing reporter mini-gene. Further analyses of deletion mutants indicate that nucleotides 1-176 on the downstream intron are required for the IL-6 effect, whereas additional nucleotides 177-284 are essential for the GM-CSF effects. As for the TPA effect, only nucleotides 1-76 are required in the downstream intron, Thus UK-6, GM-CSF and TPA differentially regulate Bcl-x splicing and require specific intronic pre-mRNA sequences for their respective effects.

HTRP--an immediate-early gene product induced by HSV1 infection in human embryo fibroblasts, is involved in cellular co-repressors.

The interaction between virus and receptor is a process that mimics physiological ligand binding receptors and induces signal transduction. In the investigation of the interaction between HSV1 (Herpes Simplex virus 1) and human fibroblasts via virus binding to its receptor complex on cellular membranes, the HTRP (human transcription regulator protein), a protein encoded by an immediate-early gene of cellular response against the specific stimulation of HSV1 binding, was cloned from a cDNA library established from early gene response mRNA. The localization of HTRP expressed as a fusion polypeptide with a fluorescent protein in HeLa cells was confirmed to be the nucleus. The results of a yeast two-hybrid experiment indicated that HTRP is indeed involved in the interaction with the SAP (mSin3-associate polypeptide) complex via SAP30. A pull-down test and Western blotting in vitro, and immunoprecipitation in vivo also provided evidence in support of this result. The interaction of HTRP with SAP30 in its conserved domain implies that this protein family, as the products of immediate-early genes, comprise functional molecules involved in the transcriptional regulation of cells, which might be related to the inhibition of some cell survival genes.